Singing in Aural Tests: the Bottom Line

Supporting Teachers • Promoting Learning
Written by ANDREW EALES


The topic of singing in aural tests has long been a contentious one, but has become more so in recent years. Not only have growing numbers of teachers noted how unpopular the singing tests are, but research in the field of cognitive science now casts doubt on the previously assumed validity of such tests.

In this article I will explore the requirements of the five main boards, consider the links between singing and “audiation”, touch on some basic scientific research (with links for those wanting to read more) and suggest change.


The Requirements of the Five Boards

Disclaimer: I have worked as a consultant for ABRSM, RSL and LCM.
I was not involved in the creation of any of their aural tests.

The five equally accredited international examination boards based in the UK all include aural, ear, listening tests. The content is divergent, underlining the lack of consensus around the issue:

MTB “Listening Skills” tests are almost entirely sung, and include singing pitches within chords of up to four notes, vocal scales, and repeating melodies. They offer playing a piano duet as an alternative.

LCM aural tests include a singing element up until Grade 3, but none thereafter. At Grade 1 the candidate should sing a single pitch played on the piano. At Grade 3 they are asked to repeat a short melodic phrase.

Trinity College London are notable for having avoided singing tests in piano exams for years. Their aural tests cover a wide range of listening skills, intelligently structured around a single piece.

RSL Classical grades replace traditional tests with playing by ear, introduced in a gradual and progressive way. Their innovative approach has practical relevance to piano players beyond the exam room, and includes no singing.

ABRSM give their singing tests considerable weight.

Their Practical Grade syllabus includes singing in aural tests throughout, beginning with echo singing in Initial Grade, singing full melodies by Grade 5, and subsequently the upper or lower of two voices.

ABRSM additionally introduce a sight-singing test from Grade 4, initially a few notes written as semibreves and sung slowly. The Grade 8 candidate must sight-sing the lower voice of a two-part contrapuntal phrase while the examiner plays the upper part on the piano.

Singing tests are compulsory for all candidates, regardless of age, gender, anxiety issues, educational or social context; there are a very few medical exceptions, which seem not to include respiratory illness (either acute or chronic) or allergies.

ABRSM’s tests are likely to be those most familiar to readers, so will be the main focus in this article.

Recognising that there’s a problem

It’s hardly surprising that many have a fundamental problem with these tests, often expressed on teacher forums.

Examples seemingly abound of students who, backed by experienced professional teachers, switch to using different exam boards to avoid singing tests. Probing this, they seem not to be seeking an easier path, but one which is actually more appropriate to their learning and assessment needs as piano players.

I have also heard distressing stories of teenagers crying and even vomiting, overwhelmed by situational anxiety. I have witnessed a small number of my own students suffer adverse reactions when asked to sing in aural tests. I suspect examiners rarely see this for themselves, because these musicians generally decide against making the trip to the exam room.

To grapple with this issue, we must carefully consider the merits of singing as a means of assessing ‘audiation’, embrace some startling scientific facts, and reflect on whether the requirement to sing in an instrumental exam properly reflects our aspirations for inclusion.

As we consider these points, I feel we should be particularly careful not to conflate the importance of promoting singing as a broader imperative with an insistence that assessing a pianist’s singing is relevant or appropriate in a piano exam.

A Singing Test?

Firstly, we need to address the point sometimes made that examiners are not assessing the quality of singing or vocal technique during aural tests, merely listening for basic accuracy of pitch and rhythm.

This encouragement might help put some at ease, but it seems to me disingenuous to imply that vocal technique has no bearing on the assessed outcome, or indeed to suggest that pitch and rhythm aren’t elements of vocal technique. Let’s consider an example…

In ABRSM Grade 4 Test B, the candidate must sight-sing a sequence of five pitches, written as semibreves. It is worth noting that the alternatives of humming or whistling are not offered here. The examiner instructs the candidate:

“Please sing the notes at number… on this page. Sing them slowly, and I’ll help by giving you the right note if you sing a wrong one. Here is the key-chord [name and play] and this is your starting note [name and play]… thank you.”

The instruction to sing is stipulated no less than three times. How exactly is vocal technique not an issue in this test when the outcome is so obviously contingent upon singing?

A basic understanding informs us that pitching notes requires control of the voice as an instrument. Developing secure intonation appears in the voice curriculum of A Common Approach in the sections covering vocal technique.

Surely the candidate who sings the notes accurately, in tune, with clarity and confidence should score more highly in this test than the candidate who doesn’t. We would all rightly be concerned were that not the case. But marks lost in the singing test could make the difference between an overall Distinction or Merit, a Pass or a Fail. I have seen it happen.

At this point, a colleague will usually chip in with helpful suggestions about how I could teach my piano students to sing more confidently. But this misses the central point: my students come to me to learn how to sing through their piano playing, not vocally, and certainly not under pressure in an exam room, and to a complete stranger.

So what reasons are given for including singing tests in piano exams?

Sight-Singing and ‘Audiation’

According to ABRSM’s website,

“Singing, both silently in the head and out loud, is one of the best ways to develop the ‘musical ear’.”

I am sure that this is a useful curriculum suggestion. But what about singing in the exam room? The argument is sometimes made that the inclusion of singing tests is an effective way to assess ‘audiation’.

‘Audiation’ is a term coined by music psychologist Edwin Gordon, and is a fancy word for what ABRSM call the “musical ear”. It is the process of mentally hearing and understanding music, thinking in musical sound in much the same way that we think in words.

In the Grade 4 example previously cited, the candidate looks at the notation, develops an aural perception of how it should sound, and reproduces that using their vocal technique.

But we have already begun to see that the introduction of vocal technique changes the nature of this test. Experienced teachers will have observed that singing pitch with accuracy can prove particularly difficult for:

  • older adults with increasingly frail voices
  • teenage boys with changing voices
  • those prone to situational anxiety
  • those with certain allergies, asthma, hay fever, etc
  • those suffering with chronic or acute respiratory conditions
  • some with disabilities or muscular problems

Would anyone seriously venture that these groups are incapable of audiation, simply because they aren’t strong singers?

And yet this rather seems to be the implication of examination boards who use singing as the basis of aural assessment.

While singing may be one of the best ways to develop the ‘musical ear’, it proves not be one of the most reliable or inclusive ways to assess it.

Here Comes the Science Bit…

According to a paper published in 2012 by Sean Hutchins of the International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research in Montréal, an inability to sing notes with the correct pitch is very common, but is rarely caused by “perceptual deficit” (ie. poor audiation).

Using a specially created pitch slider, Hutchins and his colleague Isabelle Peretz discovered that just 5% of participants had a perceptual deficit (meaning an inability to hear pitch and accurately match it using the slider).

However, a great many of the participants who demonstrated accurate audiation using the pitch slider proved unable to do so by singing.

This scientific finding is pretty big news, and suggests that the use of singing to assess audiation is fundamentally flawed.

Bearing in mind that 95% of participants demonstrated aural perception of pitch, (including many with no musical training) but that a significant group (including musicians) could not accurately sing the notes, it becomes ever clearer that singing tests in piano exams primarily highlight progression in vocal technique, not audiation.

Hutchins and Peretz found that 20% of participants had a vocal-motor control impairment that prevented them from singing the correct pitch of notes, while 35% had a sensori-motor (timbre) deficit, meaning that they had difficulty matching vocal pitch to notes played on a piano or other instrument.

On this last point, consider again those Grade 4 Test B instructions; an examiner’s efforts to “help” the candidate by playing the correct note could, in this 35% of cases, prove more a frustration that heightens the candidate’s sense of impending failure and humiliation. And as teachers preparing our students for these exams, we may be compounding the same mistake on a regular weekly basis.

These findings call seriously into question the validity of ABRSM exam results going back decades, in all cases where the outcome was adversely impacted by the candidate’s inability to correctly pitch notes vocally.

In a further piece published in Frontiers in Psychology in 2013 (available to read here), Hutchins (this time with Sylvain Moreno) considered dozens of similar studies from the last two decades, concluding:

“One of the most common assumptions about singing is that poor perception ability drives poor production ability. If people cannot hear pitches accurately, then it stands to reason that they will be inaccurate at imitating those pitches. Several studies have investigated this hypothesis, and the evidence is mixed. Using a variety of different singing and pitch perception tasks, some studies have found evidence of a correlation between the two abilities. However, many others, using similar designs, have failed to find a significant correlation.”

ABRSM’s existing alternatives

If there are better, more effective approaches to assessing aural it seems to me incumbent on exam boards to adopt them as a priority. Happily for ABRSM they have already developed suitable alternatives…

In their own (underused) Practical Musicianship Grade exams, ABRSM include a test in which the candidate compares a written score with an altered version played by the examiner.

These tests clearly evaluate the candidate’s ability to connect sound and symbol, including other musical elements such as dynamics, articulation, harmony and tempo; they not only offer a more equitable and inclusive approach to the assessment of audiation, but actually a more comprehensive one, too.

Even more “oven-ready”, ABRSM have at their fingertips a fully written, benchmarked set of aural tests for all grades that don’t include singing at all. Created for candidates who are selectively mute, you can read about these tests on the ABRSM site here.

Given that ABRSM already has up-and-running alternatives, and assuming they have done a good job in benchmarking them, why limit their access? Better, surely, to offer them as an alternative option for any candidate who would prefer not to sing in the exam room.

With their Performance Grades ABRSM have gone further still, ditching the aural tests altogether. If the Performance Grades were made available as a live face-to-face exam, they would likely prove the best choice for many candidates, and considerably add to the appeal of ABRSM’s overall offer.

It is thus a pity that they are only available digitally, as this format introduces further assessment variables in the form of the candidate’s access to the better venue, piano, and filming facilities.

The Bottom Line

The requirement to sing in aural tests is problematic on multiple fronts. The research of Hutchins and others essentially gives scientific weight to the concerns that teachers have now been raising about these tests for several years.

Having largely focused on ABRSM, I must note particular disappointment that MTB, a new board whose existence only began in the years since Hutchins’ research was published, have created aural assessments which completely ignore it. The emphasis on singing in their Listening Skills tests is genuinely perplexing.

Whether in response to the science, educational rationale, or to promote wider inclusion in their exam rooms, I hope that all the boards will equally commit to removing singing tests from piano exams completely, refreshing their aural requirements to deliver music assessments that are appropriate for the 21st century.


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Andrew Eales

Andrew Eales is the author of HOW TO PRACTISE MUSIC, published worldwide by Hal Leonard. He is a widely respected piano educator and published composer based on Milton Keynes UK.

12 thoughts on “Singing in Aural Tests: the Bottom Line”

  1. This blog totally reflect my thoughts on the subject – I have always felt that there is kind of Snobbish Elitist attitude toward the voice and singing – as if if singing is somehow the Truest and most Noble way of making music. I’ve always felt that singing is just another instrument and just as you would never say to piano player that he must learn the violin and be able the fiddle the notes you should not ask a piano player to sing cause that’s not his instrument and training. In my training I have never felt that singing has helped – I have a good mental ear and have always felt easy to think about music and hear it in my head but singing has always felt foreign and something that I’m not interested in doing and singing has never helped me to hear the music better in my head, anymore than playing it on some other instrument. The voice is an instrument which needs to be learned and forcing it on all players is ridiculous.

    1. Thanks for the comment Örn. Very interesting to read your experiences as a musician who can hear music in your head with clarity, but without feeling at home singing. And I think you make an excellent point about the voice as an instrument. It is a pity that perhaps in their efforts to promote singing, some actually diminish it as an art…

  2. I have come across several ABRSM candidates who were totally unable to pitch their voice to the piano, or sing in tune. We tried everything I could think of, but in the end had to recommend that they just endured that part of the exam (“it’s only 10 seconds out of your life, and a couple of marks”). This is entirely unsatisfactory and goes against every fibre of my body, to put students through this negative and potentially devastating experience. (They were not my students, I was acting as accompanist, and giving extra aural practice at the request of their instrumental teachers)

    1. I completely agree that it is unsatisfactory – as teachers it seems to me we have a moral responsibility to steer our students away from any situation where they might feel humiliated, and be put off music. Since publishing this article I have received messages of thanks from people who feel the truths here have lifted a massive burden they carried for years because of misinformation and elitism.

      I don’t think we should ever accept that some of our students have a four-mark handicap that prevents them from succeeding where others can. We can’t let those with an elitist outlook psychologically dissuade us from considering more contemporary and appropriate alternatives.

      1. Yes. I have even given boys with changing voices a piece of manuscript paper to hand to the examiner with notes that they are able to sing at the moment. Awful. I’m not a singing specialist either! It seems to me that the ABRSM aurals are unfairly weighted towards singers, especially the sight singing. I don’t remember sight singing as a component when I did grade 8 in the 1970s, but maybe that’s just my memory.

        1. There was singing of some sort when I took mine at the end of the ‘70’s, but I don’t recall the exact format. I remember we had to identify intervals though, which is an excellent audiation test that seems sadly to have been abandoned.

        2. Since I’m in the US, I’m constantly nonplussed by references to the ABRSM. I’m a bit horrified to know that everyone teaching or taking music lessons is expected to follow the same system and to take standardized tests under pressure. When I was a private music teacher I prized my ability to tailor everything to each student’s needs and to work independently– especially since I taught multiple instruments. Lessons were an antidote to stultifying school curricula, not part of them!

          But having said that, I wish I had had access to a more rigorous music education as a kid.

          Does ABSRM cover other instruments besides piano?

        3. Hello Elene – thank you for your comment! When visiting the US to give workshops I have been fascinated to see a music education system where exams are not so nearly prevalent. The U.K. and Asian countries where ABRSM and other exam boards are so dominant could learn much from you. But it’s also fair that our system has encouraged some rigour, and it’s for that reason that so many parents expect music teachers to rely on exams, and judge the quality of teaching by comparing results.

          ABRSM teach all classical instruments. Rockschool RSL Awards Trinity are their mirror image. Trinity College Exams and LCM do a broad range of both. MTB offer digital-only exams. Basically if you play it, there’s probably an exam for it..!

  3. Thank you ever so much for this article. I have personally struggled extensively with the aural side of ABRSM, especially the singing aspect. It caused so much anxiety when taking my grade 8, that the whole of the exam was affected by nerves, I was 28 at the time. It is only recently when ABRSM have given the option of a performance exam that I have considered entering another exam.
    I do hope that ABRSM rethink the aural side of their exams. I put many many hours into trying to improve my singing with not much progress. I’m able to recognise pitches, cadences etc but asking someone to demonstrate that with their voice, especially as I started to learn the piano because I found singing difficult, is I think a flawed way to assess that side of the exam.

  4. Hello Andrew
    I read your post with some dismay, since, as I hope you know, I have huge respect for your work. But here we must disagree…
    I recognise Kirsten’s predicament. Some 25 years ago I was given the task of running a couple of students through aural tests before their exams, and to my dismay I discovered that they simply had no clue as to how to sing back a single pitch, never mind a short phrase. Since then (and intensively for the past 12 years) I have sought to develop the skills of my students, never prepared to side-step their difficulties but instead seeking to overcome them.
    I have done the ‘science bit’ myself, extensively, and agree with these findings.
    Learning to sing *changes* people. It draws out all sorts of skills which in turn develop the musician, and I’m not just talking about audiation. Confidence is one of these. I agree entirely with so much of what you say, and in particular the fear that candidates of all ages can feel with the prospect of singing even to just one other person. Striving to overcome those fears can be life-changing, for pupil and teacher alike. It’s not always an easy fix, I can assure you of that – some students take a matter of moments to ‘calibrate’, but for others it can be hours and hours of work alongside everything else. Overall progress may be slower, but it is worth the effort, I assure you.
    In a learning environment I think it’s sad to avoid things we can’t do, or struggle with; we should be doing the very opposite. This sort of attitude to singing is so damaging, especially from an educational perspective. It is one of our most natural, instinctive ways of communicating, and to drop it as ‘inappropriate’ in music education is a very slippery slope indeed.
    ABRSM have seriously lost their way in recent years, dumbing down their exams in numerous ways (something we I know you and I agree on). But until now I have at least been pleased that, unlike Trinity, they have unheld their responsibilty to include singing as an integral part of aural tests. Not for much longer it seems.
    Sadly I fear that the solution is not to bother with exams any more. Perhaps we don’t need them after all!

    1. Hi George,

      Thanks for sharing another view on the topic. It may surprise you though, that we generally agree on the topic of singing – I think it is a hugely important aspect of music education. But as I wrote near the start of the article:

      “As we consider these points, I feel we should be particularly careful not to conflate the importance of promoting singing as a broader imperative with an insistence that assessing a pianist’s singing is relevant or appropriate in a piano exam.”

      There is a related question perhaps: should we only teach skills and content set by exam boards? For me, the answer to this is a resounding no.

      To give examples, I think it is useful and important with many students to work on improvisation, duets (beyond Grade 3), keyboard harmony, playing from chord notation …. None of which are included in an ABRSM exam. In terms of relevance to my piano students, I would include singing on this list, although I also believe that music education should not be confined to piano lessons. As the head of music in a school with a vibrant department, I am sure you would agree with me there, too!

      The one point where we are not in agreement is that of whether progress in vocal technique should be assessed for all piano players in an exam context. To this point, the article explains why it is vocal technique, and not audiation, which is on test, and it remains my conviction that this is the wrong place to be testing vocal technique, and problematic on several fronts.

      And lastly, I agree that perhaps the solution is indeed not to bother with exams. For many of my students they are fairly irrelevant and uninspiring.

    2. Oh yes indeedy, the importance of singing can hardly be over estimated; even now I meet would-be singers who have been told they can’t sing (as appalling, in my view, as being told you can’t draw). I have seen the joy and change in self esteem as I have slowly taught someone to sing in tune, helping them to reconnect ear and voice. (I taught myself to draw from books which did the same for hand and eye, after being told as a child I couldn’t draw). One root of the problem is infant class teachers who have been told as children they can’t sing and are too self-conscious to sing and don’t know how to help children find their singing voice. If children were universally taught how to use their voices then aural tests would be no problem. Personally, I have never had a problem doing them, indeed I enjoy them, but then I am a trained music specialist and was brought up in a house of song and music. (And my joy in discovering that anyone can draw, even me, is unbounded!)
      This, of course, is a whole other topic!

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